PENGARUH PEMANASAN MODIFIKASI TERHADAP EFEKTIFITAS PASSING BAWAH BOLAVOLI (Studi Pada Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 40 Surabaya)

Abstract The teaching can be effective if the students will be easy in learning something usefull such as : skill, new experience, score, and how to live compatibally with others. Because of it, the teacher have to know any kind of teaching methods. This research, is applied one of teaching methods that give a signiticant effect to the learning produce, that is teaching methods with give warming modification to the studenst. This research have a purpose to know the effects of warming modification gifts to the effectiveness of volley ball’s under passing teaching to the students of SMP Negeri 40 Surabaya. This research, include in research experment that use Randomized control Group Pretest – Postest research of design. Populate that use in this research is the students of VIII grade SMP Negeri 40 Surabaya which is consists by 8 classes with 291 students. Sample that use in this research is the students of VIII C as a control class who has 37 students, the taking of sample by cluster sampling technique. The effects of volley ball’s under passing teaching with warming modification, proven by the increasing test score of under passing to the wall which is bigger in pretest, posttes in experiment class is 22,19% compare with control class is 12,51%. The conclution is a gift of warming modification have the effects to the volley ball’s teaching effetiveness to the students of VIII grade of SMP Negeri 40 Surabaya. Keywords : teaching effectiveness, warming modification, junior high scoll student, volley ball under passing

Improved integrity algorithms for integrated GPS/INS systems in the presence of slowly growing errors

GPS is the most widely used satellite navigation system. By design, there is no provision for real time integrity information within the Standard Positioning Service (SPS). However, in safety critical sectors like aviation, stringent integrity performance requirements must be met. This can be achieved using special augmentation systems or at the user sensor level through Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) or both. RAIM, which is considered as the most cost effective method relies on data consistency, and therefore requires redundant measurements for its operation. An external aid to provide this redundancy can be in the form of an Inertial Navigation system (INS). This should enable continued performance even during RAIM holes (when no redundant satellite measurements are available). However, the integrated system faces the risk of failures generated at different levels of the system, in the operational environment and at the user sensor (receiver) level. This thesis addresses integrated GPSIINS architectures, the corresponding failure modes and the sensor level integrity algorithms used to protect users from such failure modes. An exhaustive literature review is conducted to identify the various failure modes. These are then grouped into classes based on their characteristics and a mathematical (failure) model is specified for each class. For the analysis of failures, a simulation of a typical aircraft trajectory is developed, including the capability to generate raw measurements from GPS and the INS. The simulated GPS and INS measurements for the aircraft are used to evaluate the performance of the current integrity algorithms. Their performances are assessed for the most difficult case of failures; slowly growing errors (SGE), and shown to be inadequate (i.e. a considerable period of time is required for detection). This is addressed by developing a new algorithm based on the detection ofthe growth rate ofa typical test statistic (assuming a single failure at a time). Results show that the new algorithm detects slowly growing ramp-type errors faster than the current methods, with a forty percent improvement in the time it takes to detect the worst case SGE. The algorithm is then extended to include detection of multiple SGEs for which a new tightly coupled method referred to as the 'piggyback architecture' is proposed. This method provides the novel capability of detecting all failures including those affecting the INS. The proposed algorithms are validated with real GPS and INS data. In this way, the integrity performance of the integrated system is enhanced against the worst case failures with a detection time that is beneficial for the achievement of stringent time-to-alert requirements. A practical implementation would then comprise of the use of the rate detector algorithm alongside the current methods.Imperial Users onl

ALAT PENDETEKSI UANG PALSU PORTABEL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR UV, SENSOR CAHAYA DAN SENSOR WARNA BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLLER

AbstrakUang adalah alat tukar yang biasa digunakan oleh masyarkat umum, uang juga biasa digunakan untuk pembayaran atas pembelian barang dan jasa. Namun maraknya perederan uang palsu di tengah masyarakat umum yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian maka dari itu perlu adanya alat bantu yang dapat mendeteksi keaslian uang yang dapat dibawa dengan mudah dan dapat dipakai dimanapun.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang alat yang dapat mendeteksi keaslian uang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan metode experimental. Alat ini dilengkapi dengan sensor cahaya, sensor UV, sensor warna TCS230, sensor PIR, buzzer, dan Led. Sensor cahaya dan sensor UV digunakan untuk mendeteksi keaslian uang, sensor warna TCS230 digunakan untuk membaca warna pada uang pecahan Rp. 100.000 ataupun Rp. 50.000. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah alat dapat mendeteksi keaslian uang pecahan Rp. 100.000 dan Rp. 50.000 sehingga alat ini dapat membantu mengurangi resiko kerugian dari peredaran uang palsu